Understanding cloud computing
Cloud computing is named as such because the information being accessed is found remotely in the cloud or another virtual environment. Users can store files and apps on faraway servers and then can access the data via the Internet thanks to companies that offer cloud services. This enables the user to access it remotely since they are not obliged to be in a specific location to do so. With the help of cloud computing, users may process data without using computers or carrying around heavy equipment. All of the work can also be transferred to enormous computer clusters located far away in cyberspace. Users’ data, work, and applications are accessible from any device, and users can connect to the Internet from anywhere in the world.

Cloud computing can be both public and private. Public cloud providers offer their services over the Internet for a price. On the other hand, limited numbers of users can access private cloud services. These services consist of a networked infrastructure that offers hosted services. A hybrid option is also available, which incorporates aspects of both public and private services.

Types of cloud services
Regardless of the kind of service, cloud computing services provide users with a series of functions including email, storage, backup, and data retrieval, creating and testing apps, analyzing data, audio and video streaming, and delivering software on demand. Although it is still a relatively new technology, cloud computing is being utilised by a wide range of industries, including large corporations, small businesses, nonprofit organisations, governmental agencies, and even individual consumers.

Deployment models
There are many different kinds of clouds, and each one is unique. Public clouds offer their services on internet-connected servers and storage. These are run by independent firms that manage and take care of all the infrastructure, software, and hardware. Customers use accounts that virtually anybody may use to obtain services. Private clouds are only accessible to a small number of clients, typically just one company or organisation. The cloud computing service could be hosted by the company’s data centre. On a private network, many private cloud computing services are offered. As the name suggests, hybrid clouds combine both public and private services. This kind of architecture gives the user more options and improves the infrastructure and security for the user.

Types of cloud computing
Like a chip or a phone, cloud computing is not a standalone piece of technology. Software-as-a-service (SaaS), infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) make up the majority of the system instead.

A software programme is licenced to clients as part of the software-as-a-service (SaaS) model. Usually, licences are made available on-demand or on a pay-as-you-go arrangement. Microsoft Office 365 contains this kind of mechanism.

Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) is a technique for supplying anything through IP-based connectivity as part of an on-demand service, including operating systems, servers, and storage. Clients can obtain software and servers through an on-demand, outsourced service rather than having to buy them outright. Popular examples of the IaaS system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure.

The most complicated of the three cloud computing levels is platform-as-a-service (PaaS). PaaS and SaaS are quite similar, with the main distinction being that PaaS is a platform for developing software that is supplied over the Internet rather than offering software as a service. Platforms like Salesforce.com and Heroku are part of this strategy.

Advantages of cloud computing
Companies from all industries can profit from using cloud-based software, which can be accessed by browsers or native apps on any device. As a result, users can carry their files and settings over to other devices in a completely seamless manner. Using cloud computing for file access is simply the tip of the iceberg. Users may check their email on any computer and store files using services like Dropbox and Google Drive thanks to cloud computing. Users can back up their music, files, and images using cloud computing services, ensuring those files are immediately available in the event of a hard drive crash.

It also offers big companies huge cost-saving potential. Companies had to invest in pricey information management infrastructure and technology purchases, construction, and maintenance before the cloud became a practical substitute. Fast Internet connections can replace expensive server centres and IT staff in businesses, allowing workers to do jobs online by interacting with the cloud. People can conserve storage space on their computers or laptops by using the cloud infrastructure. Software businesses can now sell their wares online rather than through more conventional, tangible ways like discs or flash drives, which allows customers to upgrade software more quickly. Customers of Adobe, for instance, can use an online subscription to access the applications included in its Creative Cloud.

Disadvantages of the cloud
There are risks, of course, with all the speed, efficiencies, and innovations that come with cloud computing. Security has always been a major concern with the cloud, particularly when it comes to private financial and medical documents. Although regulations require cloud computing firms to strengthen their compliance and security measures, it is still a problem today. Important data is encrypted for protection, but if the encryption key is lost, the data is gone as well. Cloud computing firms’ servers are susceptible to internal errors, power outages, and natural calamities. The geographical reach of cloud computing cuts both ways: A blackout in California could paralyze users in New York, and a firm in Texas could lose its data if something causes its Maine-based provider to crash. As with any technology, there is a learning curve for both employees and managers. But with many individuals accessing and manipulating information through single portal, inadvertent mistakes can transfer across an entire system.

Market value of cloud computing
The market for cloud computing is currently at an all-time high, valued at $371.4 billion, and is projected to reach $832.1 billion by 2025. It is swiftly developing, progressively recognising its commercial significance, and drawing an increasing number of academics, practitioners, researchers, and computer scientists. Cloud computing is not a single subject but rather a collection of many technologies that make up the cloud. The top 10 research areas in the realm of cloud computing are listed below:

Big Data
Big Data is the term used to describe the enormous volumes of data that different programmes produce in a relatively short period of time. In business-run data centres, it is rather laborious to store such massive and copious volumes of data. The cloud is the best option since collecting insights from Big Data also becomes a laborious operation that takes a long time to run and produce results. All the data can be pushed onto the cloud without the need for physical storage devices that are to be managed and secured. Also, some popular public clouds provide comprehensive Big Data platforms to turn data into actionable insights.

DevOps
DevOps is an amalgamation of two terms, Development and Operations. There are now fewer barriers between the development team and the operations team as a result of continuous delivery, integration, and deployment. Heavy applications and software need elaborate and complex tech stacks that demand extensive labor to develop and configure which can easily be eliminated by cloud computing. It offers a wide range of tools and technologies to build, test, and deploy applications within a few minutes and a single click. It provides a variety of tools and technologies that may be used to quickly build, test, and distribute applications. The method is easy and cost-effective for development teams because it may be tailored to the needs of the client and eliminated when not in use.

Cloud Cryptography
It is important to safeguard and secure cloud data against outside intrusions and breaches. To do this, Cloud Cryptography is a frequently used method to secure data that is present in the cloud. Since all data is secured using either encryption methods or the idea of a private key, it enables users and customers to access shared cloud services quickly and reliably. It can limit the view of the data being conveyed and render plain text unintelligible. The best Cloud Cryptography security methods avoid slowing down data transit and offer protection without preventing the sharing of important information.

Cloud Load Balancing
Cloud Load Balancing refers to dividing and dispersing the incoming load from numerous sources to the server. Cloud Load Balancing encompasses holding the circulation of traffic and demands that exist over the Internet. This lessens the issue of unexpected outages, improves overall performance, minimises the likelihood of server failures, and also offers a high level of security. Server load balancing allows cloud-based server farms to achieve more precise scaling and accessibility. As a result, it is simple to allocate and manage workload demands.

Mobile Cloud Computing
In order to offer services like seamless and plentiful computational resources to mobile users, network operators, and cloud computing specialists, Mobile Cloud Computing combines cloud computing, mobile computing, and wireless networks. All processing and data storage happens outside of the actual mobile device, which serves as the console. The lack of expensive hardware, longer battery life, increased data storage and processing power, improved data synchronisation, and high availability owing to “store in one place, accessible from anywhere” are some benefits of using Mobile Cloud Computing. The backend, which offers support for a variety of access ways, handles the integration and security aspects.

Green Cloud Computing
The major challenge in the cloud is the utilization of energy-efficient and hence developing economically friendly cloud computing solutions. Large data centres with numerous computers, cables, air conditioners, networks, etc. use a lot of energy and emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The goal of Green Cloud Computing is to make virtual servers and data centres more energy- and environmentally friendly. The amount of power and energy that cloud resources frequently use results in a lack of energy and has an impact on the climate worldwide. Green Cloud Computing offers ways to lower operating costs and improve the energy efficiency of such systems. Power management, virtualization of servers and data centres, extensive e-waste recycling, and environmental sustainability are the key axes on which this is based.

Edge Computing
With the premise that the data is processed closer to the source, Edge Computing is an improvement and a far more effective kind of cloud computing. According to edge computing, all processing will take place at the network’s edge rather than on a platform that is centrally controlled or in data warehouses. Edge computing disperses numerous procedures and data processing approaches among several locations. As a result, the data can be sent to the closest node and processed at the edge. Since the data is closer to the source and there is no longer any latency or delayed response, the security of the data is also increased without reducing productivity.

Containerization
Containerization in cloud computing is a procedure to obtain operating system virtualization. Through the use of remote resource procedures, the user can interact with a programme and its dependencies. Blocks that help produce operational effectiveness, version control, developer productivity, and environmental stability are built using the cloud computing container. The infrastructure has been improved since it offers more control over the specific operations involving the resources. The usage of containers in online services assists storage with cloud computing data security, elasticity, and availability. Containers provide some benefits over virtual machines, including a consistent runtime environment, the flexibility to operate almost anywhere, and lower overhead.

Cloud Deployment Model
There are four main cloud deployment models namely public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud. Each deployment type is specified based on where the infrastructure is located. The general public can easily access systems and services thanks to the public cloud. Since it is accessible to all users, like email, public cloud services could also be less dependable. Systems and services can be accessed inside a company using a private cloud without external access. Because of its access limitations, it provides superior security. A hybrid cloud is a combination of private and public clouds, with the private cloud being used for vital tasks and the public cloud for non-critical tasks.

Cloud Security
The security of the cloud is a key concern as the number of businesses and organisations employing cloud computing is growing rapidly. Every physical and logical security issue that arises across all the many service models of code, platform, and infrastructure is detected and addressed by cloud computing security. Although it discusses these services as a whole, the public, private, or hybrid delivery models are how these services are actually provided. The data is safeguarded on the cloud against loss, theft, calamity, and removal. Data can be safeguarded with the aid of firewalls, virtual private networks, and tokenization.

Cloud computing research challenges
There are two major cloud computing research challenges, i.e. Portability and Development of a new architecture. The ability to move an application and its data from one location to another is known as portability. Limiting reliance on the underlying atmosphere could help achieve it. No matter the provider, platform, operating system, location, storage, etc., a portable component (application, data) could be transported and reprocessed. For instance, if the new cloud environment is Linux and the previous cloud environment is Windows, portability would allow an application operating on the old cloud to run on the new cloud without needing to be modified.

On the other hand, nearly all cloud computing services are currently used in sizable commercial data centres and operated in an antiquated centralised manner. This kind of design has some drawbacks, such as low manageability and low economies of scale. The majority of researchers lean towards hosting cloud apps on planned resources. This cloud computing paradigm is highly rational and well-suited for applications like scientific computing since it uses volunteer resources or a combination of volunteer and dedicated resources. However, regardless of its advantages, this architecture has open research challenges as well, which are heterogeneous resources management, and incentive schemes for such architecture.

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The bank which established the first digital banking department in Turkey in 2012 and appointed the first CDO of the sector, thereby earning “The Most Innovative Bank of the World” title successively in Europe, cares about working with the speed and agility of an innovation hub with a “phygital” strategy which it has integrated with all the points touching the customer, whether physically or digitally.

The Deniz Aquarium Innovation Hub, which was founded in 2020 will produce technologies that will shape the future of banking. Additionally, the DenizBank Financial Services Group founded Deniz Ventures Capital Fund as an investment platform for the technology initiatives which has shown growth potential. The bank gathered fastPay along with Deniz Aquarium and Deniz Ventures under the umbrella of NEOHUB which it launched to add new momentum to the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey in 2021. Under its new fintech subsidiary NEOHUB, the Bank is aiming to spread the new initiates on a global scale by tapping into its power to reach a wide range of institutions and customers.

On the other hand, Intertech, the subsidiary of DenizBank Financial Services Group in the field of information technologies, provides software and technology service to over 49 institutions in 11 countries with nearly 1300 employees and 1000 Turkish engineers currently employed by the organization.

As a banking-licensed financial technology company, DenizBank Financial Services Group will continue to meet the expectations of its customers in terms of speed and agility and produce service models shaping the sector with the approach of support and inclusion of the ecosystem.

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The company established its first overseas business in Hong Kong in 2013 in China. Then, it established the Singapore branch in 2014, the Israel branch in 2015, the New York office in 2016, and the Silicon Valley branch in San Francisco in 2017. It also expanded its European markets and branches in 2018.

Currently, the company manages over $14bn in assets for hundreds of thousands of high-net-worth clients in China.

Tang Ning, CreditEase founder and CEO, stated: “growing into the preferred wealth management brand for high-net-worth Chinese in the world is a five-year goal of CreditEase Wealth Management, which is also the next point for organizational remodeling in the next five years. After years of accumulation in capacity, CreditEase Wealth Management is fully prepared in terms of global investment capacity, scientific and technological capacity and service capacity for the international market. We are confident that, with the continuous consolidation of global product investment capacity, CreditEase Wealth Management’s global service capacity will also be further expanded and consolidated.”

CreditEase Wealth Management has a diverse portfolio that has committed to helping clients avail investment, products and opportunities for major asset categories–including a wide range of overseas living services, including: overseas study tours, overseas education consultations, investment and immigration, overseas property, tax planning, legal service referral, insurance, family trusts, high-end institutional internships, and so on.

It was featured among the world’s most-active financial technology investment institutions as of the first quarter of 2018, again in CB Insights—a world renowned market research organization. It rose from seventh place in December 2017 to third place in 2018.

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China is a prime market for US empires like Starbucks, KFC and McDonald’s, while Burger King recently announced plans to expand its presence there.

Shaun Rein, managing director at China Market Research Group stated: “There is a huge risk in general for American brands, but especially for iconic ones like Starbucks. With increased competition, combined with nationalism, and the trade war as a back drop, it is very possible Chinese consumers will boycott McDonald’s and Starbucks and instead go to Chinese brands.”

KFC made up China’s largest network of restaurants, with 8,200 outlets and is the largest fast-food brand. It had a 5.2% share of the market, worth US$6.63 bn, last year. Illinois-founded McDonald’s was in second place with a 2.4% market share worth US$3.14 bn. Florida-based Burger King was fourth, with 0.6 %, according to market research provider Euromonitor International.

Starbucks, on the other hand, has opened 3,400 outlets in China since 1999. By 2022 it aims to have added 600 stores annually and more than tripled its revenue from 2017. The company announced the same at its first ever China Investor Conference, held in Shanghai in May.

Sales have been slowing recently though. More local chains have entered the market and have rapidly gained a following.

In this year’s quarter ending June, Starbucks’ same-store sales slipped 2 %, versus 7 % growth a year earlier. The sudden slowdown shows existing weakness in their second-largest market, where exposure levels are high; they own most of their Chinese outlets, rather than selling franchise rights.

Other brands like Pizza hut and KFC also have been struggling, as young diners are turning to domestic brands, according to Bloomberg. Both are owned by Yum China Holdings, which counts China as its largest market. Experts have attributed this also to the rising tide of nationalism—which has been fuelled with the sentiment arising from the trade war.

“Increasing national pride is quite an important factor in the rise of Chinese brands,” said Jason Yu, general manager of market researcher Kantar Worldpanel Greater China.

“In 2017 we saw local brands contribute almost 90 per cent of the sales growth in the market.” He added.

A similar incident had arisen in 2016, when Chinese nationalists had boycotted Western brands after a United Nations tribunal looked into disputes in the South China sea—after accusing the US of encouraging  Phillippines to being a case of The Hague against China’s territorial claims.

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During 2017, entry-level candidates from the science and engineering sectors had experienced the highest salary increases, as compared to 2016, according to the data.

HR can also expect to pay the highest for candidates in the computing and IT, engineering, and building and construction industries.

However, although traditional sectors like accounting and finance saw a drastic decrease in their starting salaries, they still continue to see the highest demand from employers, with 36% jump in job postings on Jobstreet.com.

According to the website, the top 10 starting salaries were : IT ($2,775), building and construction ($2,738), engineering ($2,598), science ($2,587) and finally, sales and marketing ( $2,535).

Starting salaries for entry-level HR professionals on the other hand, were a little lower. On an average, candidates could expect about $2,300. This figure marks it slightly higher than the previous year’s $2,333. This is based on an annual salary guide by recruiting specialists Kelly services.

The salaries overall varied depending on the nature of the job. HR assistant/ officers were paid amounts ranging from $1,900 to $3,600. L&D administrators were paid anything from $2,200 to $2,800. Training coordinators finally, were paid salaries ranging from $2,500 to $3,500.

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Fintechs across various industries are exploring ways on how to pick off high value segment incumbents, with increasingly well-funded blockchain projects. The threats and opportunities that arise out of disruptive fintech firms are seeking to get in on the action, which has led to the boom in the overall investment in the segment.

FinTechs across various industries are exploring ways in which to pickoff high value segments incumbents, with blockchain projects being increasingly well-funded. The threat and opportunities, created by disruptive FinTech firms has not been lost on market incumbents – with a whole host of actors, from consultancy firms, accelerators seeking to get in on the opportunity.The first half of 2018 saw the global value of investment in fintech hit $57.9 bn over the course of six months. The spike of value from the 875 VC,PE and M&A deals completed have managed to exceed last year’s annual total.

The KPMG research that showed that the UK topped the US in terms of investment in the first hald of 2018, will be something that will be a major part of the country’s Brexit strategy—as it bids to make itself attractive to investment. Especially, to avoid any economic slumps as it begins post- EU life in 2019. To that end, Big Four firm’s ‘Pulse of Fintech’ report found that the UK also topped Europe for fintech investment overall—accounting for more than half of the total investment—which stood at $26 bn.

The UK attracted $16.1 bn (£12.3 bn) to its shores in the first half of 2018, almost $ 2 bn more than the US’ $14.2 bn haul. This was thanks to four of Europe’s top ten deals taking place in the UK. Vantiv’s $12.9 bn acquisition of Worldpay was the UK’s largest fintech investment addition during 2018’s first half, while digital banking firm Revolut ($250 mn), peer-to-peer finance firm Flender ($60 mn) and wealth management firm Moneyfarm ($54 mn) also completed some of the continent’s biggest fintech deals.

Commenting on the figures, KPMG FinTech Global Co-Lead Anton Ruddenklau said that 2018 had seen the fintech poised firmly on the front foot, as banks and financial entities look to save on operational costs and boost customer service offerings.

“In addition to the bullish levels of investment the UK has attracted, our fintech sector has also benefited from the UK Government’s continued support with the launch of the fintech sector strategy.” He explained.

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Populations getting wealthier has increased healthcare spending, and this has the possibility to put a far greater pressure on the healthcare sector to provide care solutions, that lie in accordance with the changes in lifestyle.

This trend thus, has offered a big opportunity to the biotechnology sector. The biotech sector primarily seeks to improve healthcare by treating diseases through clinical research and drug development. For long- term investors, it also offers the benefit of keeping the nature of its demand for products and services non-discretionary.

Having fallen sharply between late 2014 and 2016, the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index has been tracking steadily upward ever since. Despite its considerable growth potential and solid performance since 2017, the sector continues to trade at relatively attractive valuations; since the 2014-2016 selloff, the sector’s price-to-earnings ratio has languished below that of the broader market for the first time in history.

As any excess capital is generally reinvested into further research and development, the majority of returns from the biotech sector are driven by M&A (mergers and acquisitions) activity and – crucially – the number of new drug approvals in a given year. The latter is positive news for investors, as approvals are on track for near record levels in 2018, backing up strong years in 2015 and 2017.

US President Donald Trump himself has found himself on the biotech frontline when signing the ‘Right-to-try’ law—a legislation that permits terminally ill patients to bypass the FDA to gain faster, unhindered access to experimental treatments. While not universally supported, and without ethical constraints, this act should widen the pipeline of information on the effectiveness of potential new treatments.

However like all sectors, biotech has also shown to have weaknesses.

The most commonly highlighted risks are the binary nature of research results and the subsequent high beta price movements in individual companies. More recently, political pressures to address fears around drug pricing has also been mounting.

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Only 23 companies in the Fortune 500 have a female CEO. Hershey is the only other company on that list that has women in both the CEO and CFO slots. American Water Works also has women in both jobs, although is not quite large enough to make the Fortune 500.

That makes GM the most significant company with this tandem..

Suryadevara, 38, joined GM in 2005 and has been vice president of corporate finance since July 2017. Gm said that she has played an integral role in some recent, major initiatives.

Suryadevara worked on the sale of Opel, its European division, in 2017. She helped with a $500 mn investment into Lyft, and worked to secure a $2.25 bn investment in GM’s self-driving car program from Softbank. She previously helped achieve ratings upgrades from all three credit agencies.

She will be replacing Chuck Stevens, who has been CFO since 2014.

“So few companies have women in both of those important positions simply because it’s rare to find women in either post,” said Anna Beninger, senior director of research and corporate engagement partner at Catalyst, a non-profit studying women and work.

“Any time a woman brings on another woman, it’s notable. It should be acknowledge, and celebrated,” she added.

The number of female CEOs at Fortune 500 companies has fallen by more than 25% since it hit a record high of 32 in early 2017. Several high-profile female CEOs have recently left their posts, including Marissa Mayer at Yahoo and Irene Rosenfeld at Mondelez last year. The trend continued in 2018, when Denise Morrison left Campbell Soup, Meg Whitman left Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and Sheri McCoy left Avon.

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According to Daily Sabah, Dönmez said: “We want to meet two-thirds of the country’s energy needs from local sources by 2023.”

“We are third Europe in wind power. This shows there is still a lot of opportunity in Turkey’s renewable energy sector. Another important development was the arrival of global renewable energy giants in Turkey. Many of them have already set up production, research and development facilities here.”

The country prefers renewable energy because of its nature to prevent emissions and they can wholly depend on natural resources in the region.

We spend a considerable amount on energy import. Our aim is to reduce that number. At present, approximately half of Turkey’s energy output comes from local sources and we want to raise it to two-thirds by 2023,” Dönmez added.

“Our policies on renewables and domestic coal have been determined to serve this purpose. We are attaching great importance to domestic resources in order to reduce external dependence for energy,” he said. Dönmez also revealed that the energy ministry last week launched an afforestation campaign, which will plant one sapling for each natural gas, electricity subscriber and new car owner.

“The campaign will be supported by the different energy sector companies. We will plant 5 million saplings in total,” Dönmez concluded.

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• 21 million investors in the UK said they are entering the new financial year with a greater risk appetite and seeking fresh investment angles
• Nearly half (44%) of British investors feel Brexit will have a positive impact on their investment strategy, with 22% not expecting any effects over the coming 12 months
• 19 million investors feel the biggest investment opportunity in 2017 lies in private equity investment into the UK’s thriving private sector
  • Two in five Londoners consider private equity investment as the leading investment opportunity in 2017
  • 17% of millennials are looking to private equity investment over the coming 12 months
• One in four investors believe innovation and technology are the UK economy’s two greatest strengths in promoting economic growth
• 47 million investors will be using tax-efficient investment schemes such as the EIS in 2017
• However, one in four investors hope more will be done to support investor interest by way of tax efficient investment schemes and income tax policy

With the triggering of Article 50 and the start of the 2017/18 financial year on 6 April, London-based investment firm IW Capital has conducted new research to profile the risk appetite of the UK investor community. Based on an independent, nationally-representative survey of 1,000 Brits who have between £10,000 and over £250,000 worth of investments – not including properties or pensions – IW Capital found that investors are embracing the full potential of investment opportunities that lie ahead as a consequence of Brexit.

The study uncovered that the equivalent of 2.21 million investors in the UK said they are entering the new financial year with a greater risk appetite and seeking fresh investment angles. Furthermore, despite concerns that investors would be more risk averse as a consequence of Brexit, the research found that 44% of investors see Brexit as having a positive impact on their financial strategy in the year ahead, with a further 22% foreseeing no notable effects.

With the Bank of England recently upgrading its 2017 growth forecasts for the British economy from 1.4% to 2%, investors have recognised the investment potential on offer in the country’s private sector. The research found that 13% of investors – equivalent to 3.19 million Britons – feel the biggest investment opportunity this year is private equity investment into UK businesses. This number rises to 17% for millennials and 23% for Londoners.

When considering the industries supporting productivity and growth, IW Capital’s research revealed that 27% of investors (over 6 million people) consider innovation and technological advancements to be the two greatest strengths propelling the UK economy forward. The role of private investment in supporting the nation’s digital economy is vital; a report by Tech Nation found that the UK secured £6.8 billion in venture capital and private equity digital tech investment in 2016 – over 50% more than any other European country. Worth an estimated £100 billion, the digital economy is one of many industries British investors are confident in supporting in the new financial year.

IW Capital’s study also revealed that investors are gravitating towards tax-efficient investment schemes – initiatives that offer tax breaks in return for investment into the private sector. The research found 1.47 million investors will be using tax-efficient investment schemes such as the Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) in 2017/18. However, one in four investors  hopes more will be done to support investor interest by way of programmes such as EIS. This number rises to 33% for investors aged 55 and over.

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