Elon Musk-led Starlink is on the verge of securing a multibillion-dollar contract to overhaul the US air traffic control communication system, displacing, in all likelihood, Verizon, a long-standing contractor.
According to The Washington Post, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is reportedly preparing to cancel its $2.4 billion deal with Verizon and shift the work to the SpaceX subsidiary.
While the above development may look a controversial one, given the fact that Elon Musk, the self-styled “reformer” of the American bureaucracy (under the Donald Trump administration), also owns Starlink, thereby potentially raising the “conflict of interest” allegations, this copy will discuss something else (another controversy) related to the Starlink, as the satellite internet constellation has now found itself powering Myanmar-based cyber-criminals, with the latter making billions from scam compounds located in the Southeast Asian country. To make matters worse, these “compounds” have allegedly enslaved tens of thousands of people.
Scam compounds exploit links
In the words of Matt Burgess, a senior writer at WIRED focused on information security, privacy, and data regulation in Europe, “The plea for help arrived last summer. ‘I am in Myanmar and work for a fraud company,’ a Chinese human-trafficking victim wrote in a short email sent from within the Tai Chang scam compound. Like thousands of others in the region, they were promised legitimate work only to find themselves tricked into modern slavery and forced to scam people online for hours every day. Tai Chang, which is located on the Myanmar-Thailand border, has been linked to incidents of torture. ‘I’m not safe, I’m chatting with you secretly,’ they said. Despite the risk, their first request wasn’t to be rescued.”
As per the reports, over 200,000 people in Southeast Asia have been forced to run online scams in recent years, often being enslaved and brutalised, as part of criminal enterprises that have earned billions in stolen funds from these heinous acts. These scams, often known as “Pig Butchering Operations,” have largely been concentrated in Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos, with China-based crime groups efficiently exploiting instability and poor governance in the Southeast Asian region.
“Though they come at great humanitarian cost, pig butchering scams are undeniably lucrative and, perhaps inevitably, similar operations are now being uncovered on multiple continents and in numerous countries around the world,” WIRED reported in 2024, while adding, “Pig butchering operations that are offshoots of the Southeast Asian activity have emerged in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and West Africa. Many of these expanded operations apparently have links to Chinese-speaking criminals or have evolved in parallel to Chinese Belt and Road Initiative investments, the country’s massive international infrastructure and development initiative.”
In 2023, the FBI had reports of nearly $4 billion in losses from the scams, with some researchers even putting all-time total global losses at $75 billion or more. While Beijing has made a concerted effort in recent months to crack down on pig butchering schemes and human trafficking to scamming centres in the Southeast Asian region, the activity has proliferated around the world nonetheless.
Pig butchering involves building seemingly intimate relationships with victims, following which attacks start by texting potential targets out of the blue and getting them talking. Then, attackers build a rapport and introduce the idea of a special or unique investment opportunity. Finally, victims send funds, typically cryptocurrency, through a malicious platform meant to look like a legitimate money management service, and attackers must launder the money from there.
The entire crime racket operates through careful planning from a large workforce. As per the experts, people from more than 60 countries have been abducted and trafficked to Southeast Asian scamming compounds that typically operate with massive numbers of forced workers. And in recent months, scam centres have been detected around the world as well, in different configurations and sizes, but with the same goal.
Talking about the Tai Chang scam compound, the facility’s internet connection had recently been cut off from Thailand, the person (the Chinese human-trafficking victim as mentioned by Burgess) wrote in the messages to the anti-scam group GASO in June 2024. However, instead of scamming within the compound grinding to a halt, the organised criminals have reportedly found another way to stay online.
And that’s where Starlink is coming into the picture, as the person wrote, “Elon Musk’s Starlink is installed above all the buildings in the campus where we are now. Now the fraud work is running normally. If the fraud network here is down, we can regain our freedom.”
However, the messages from the Chinese human-trafficking victim soon landed on the desk of Erin West, the then-deputy district attorney for Santa Clara County, California. West, a longtime advocate for victims of so-called pig butchering and other types of cryptocurrency scams, wrote to a SpaceX lawyer.
“Starlink connections appeared to be helping criminals at Tai Chang to scam Americans and fuel their internet needs,” West alleged at the end of July 2024. She offered to share more information to help the company in “disrupting the work of bad actors.” However, according to West, SpaceX and Starlink never replied to her communications.
Starlink: Haven for scammers?
As per Burgess, reports of Starlink’s use at Tai Chang are not the work of a one-off criminal. There are multibillion-dollar empires across Southeast Asia that appear to be widely using satellite internet. At least eight scam compounds based around the Myanmar-Thailand border region are using Starlink devices, according to mobile phone connection data.
“Between November 2024 and the start of February, hundreds of mobile phones logged their locations and use of Starlink at known scam compounds more than 40,000 times, according to the mobile phone data, which was collected by an online advertising industry tool,” Burgess mentioned.
The eight compounds, spread around the Myawaddy region of war-torn Myanmar, would likely have installed multiple Starlink devices. As Burgess and WIRED reviewed the photos of Tai Chang, it appeared to show dozens of white Starlink satellite dishes on a single rooftop, while human rights watchdogs and other experts say that Starlink use at the scam compounds has increased since 2024.
“I believe that SpaceX must have the capacity to stop this problem,” says Rangsiman Rome, an opposition member of the House of Representatives in Thailand who chairs a parliamentary committee on national security and border issues.
At the start of February 2025, Rome tagged Elon Musk in a post on X, saying criminals are “exploiting Starlink for massive fraud” at scam compounds in the region. He did not get a reply.
SpaceX can terminate services to users if they participate in “fraudulent” activities or if a system is used in unauthorised locations. It has previously emailed users in locations it doesn’t officially offer services to and threatened to shut down accounts.
“Our own technology is being used against us. Starlink is an American company, and it is the backbone for how these bad actors can access Americans,” said Erin West, who founded the non-profit “Operation Shamrock” to take action against investment scammers.
“If SpaceX obtains knowledge that a Starlink terminal is being used by a sanctioned or unauthorised party, we investigate the claim and take actions to deactivate the terminal if confirmed,” the company said previously. However, on the alleged links with pig butchering scams, the satellite internet provider has decided to remain silent till now.
The KK Park example
Let’s talk about the KK Park Scam Compound to make things clear. In the words of Burgess, “the green, mountainous border separating Myanmar and Thailand runs for 1,500 miles. Around 200 miles of the border follow the Moei River, where dozens of compounds have replaced valley fields over the past five years. Rome, the Thai MP, says officials have identified 75 compounds across Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos, with 40 of those being in Myanmar’s Myawaddy region.”
“From the outside, the compounds resemble hotels or apartment blocks, but they are surrounded by high fences, watch towers, and armed guards. People have been trafficked from more than 60 countries. Around 120,000 people are likely held in scam compounds across Myanmar, according to one United Nations report from 2023, with another 100,000 captives in Cambodia,” he noted.
Starlink has recently agreed to increase its availability in Cambodia, according to local reports. Within the compounds, victims are typically forced to work day and night to scam hundreds of people at a time. This includes carrying out long-running investment scams that have netted criminals up to $75 billion over the past few years. If the trafficking victims don’t comply, they face torture, with either escape or paying a ransom becoming the only way out.
Stable internet connections are crucial for the operations to be successful, from the initial targeting of potential human trafficking victims with false job postings to daily scamming and ultimately money laundering.
Palm Naripthaphan, an executive adviser at Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC), said that scam centres along the Myanmar-Thailand border have historically used mobile connections from cell carriers based in either of the two Southeast Asian countries. They can also connect to fibre-optic cables in Thailand or run them across the river Moei. Increasingly, Naripthaphan believes, Starlink has played a role.
“The Musk-owned satellite system is composed of multiple elements. More than 6,000 Starlink satellites orbit Earth and beam down internet connectivity to white, rectangular Starlink dishes (dubbed Dishy McFlatface). Some are portable and easy to set up, and they provide internet connections in areas where there are little or no other options, including war zones such as Ukraine,” Burgess continued.
Starlink is not officially licensed in Myanmar, which has been embroiled in a civil war since the 2021 coup, with the service being reportedly banned by the military junta. The company’s coverage map doesn’t list any availability in the country. But this hasn’t stopped Starlink terminals from working and being frequently used in Myanmar to combat frequent internet shutdowns.
Across eight known scam compound areas, KK Park, Tai Chang, Dongmei, Huanya, UK Compound, Gate 25, Apolo, and Shwe Kokko, mobile phones have logged thousands of occurrences of getting online using Starlink’s networks in recent months, according to data.
“At least 412 devices listed Starlink as their internet provider at the compound locations between November and February, according to an analyst with access to location data from the online advertising industry. In total, 40,800 instances were logged,” the media outlet noted.
Tough task for law enforcers
According to a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report published in October 2024, Thai officials seized 78 Starlink receivers that are believed to have been heading for scam compounds in Myanmar. Myanmar’s government also seized other Starlink devices.
At the start of February 2025, Thailand cut internet connections, electricity, and fuel supplies to some areas around the compounds. Thousands have since been rescued by officials in one of the most widespread crackdowns on the compounds so far. However, the results have been mixed.
According to Mechelle B Moore, the CEO of anti-trafficking nonprofit “Global Alms Incorporated,” some shelters are struggling to cope with the number of people being freed. Also, past efforts to disrupt scam operations by shutting off internet connections have not been effective, partly due to Starlink connectivity.
About 7,000 people were rescued from Myanmar-based illegal call centre operations and were waiting to be transferred to Thailand, Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra said on February 18. While the country has started its large-scale crackdown on scam centres operating on the Myanmar border, the road is too long, given the fact that Cambodia and Laos, which also share borders with Thailand, have in recent years become havens for transnational crime syndicates operating online scam operations.
“It’s massive, and there are thousands of people in there that have been brought in, typically through Thailand, so it’s a huge move if they clean the compounds and scams out,” said Jeremy Douglas, from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Myanmar’s border area, Myawaddy, has emerged as one of the largest single clusters of scam compounds in the region, and possibly the world, said Douglas. And the victims were mostly from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, being tricked into enslaved work. Scams generated from Myawaddy resulted in financial losses between $18 billion and $37 billion in 2023, as per the United Nations, which also highlighted that at least 120,000 people across Myanmar and another 100,000 in Cambodia may be held in situations where they are forced to execute lucrative online scams.
“Thailand has renewed efforts this year to crack down on the operations after a high-profile kidnapping of a Chinese actor in Myanmar in January. The 22-year-old man, Wang Xing, was abducted after arriving in Thailand for what he believed was a casting call with film producers,” The Guardian reported.
Douglas noted the Myanmar military’s Border Guard Force (BGF), which controls Myawaddy, has been under immense pressure to crack down on the compounds. About 200 Chinese nationals were flown back to China on a China Southern Airlines flight recently, as reported by the Bangkok Post. On the other hand, about 260 people from scam operations were deported from Myanmar in February. The group represented 20 nationalities, including 138 Ethiopians.
Mechelle B Moore said, “We have not heard of any companies shutting down or suspending operations because they don’t have access to the internet. Victims will all confirm that they’re flipped over to Starlink or they use cellular dongles with SIM cards in them. When one doesn’t work, they just flick over to the other. It doesn’t stop operations at all.”
It seems as clear as daylight: Starlink’s “easy-to-access” and cost-friendly satellite internet model has gone terribly against the company, especially in Southeast Asia. Being involved in things like “Pig Butcher Scam” and “Forced Slavery,” even though unknowingly, will likely affect the company’s prospects in this part of the world in the coming days, unless and until the Elon Musk-led venture gets serious on the compliance front.