Findings published in the PwC Young Workers Index 2017 compare levels of participation in employment, education and training of 16-24 year olds across 34 OECD countries. The report also considers what policy lessons can be learnt from the top performers and focuses in particular on the longer-term challenges and opportunities posed by automation.
Across the OECD, findings from the study include:
- The proportion of young workers not in education, employment or training (NEET) is back down to its pre-crisis levels of around 17% on average across the OECD. However, youth unemployment levels remain high in many countries, notably in Southern Europe.
- On average, students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are three times more likely not to achieve a baseline level of proficiency in science.
- This disparity is especially pronounced for young men with low education levels, who could face risks of automation of up to 50% by the early 2030s, as compared to only around 10% for both male and female university graduates.
- Reducing NEET levels across OECD countries to the same level as Germany, one of the top performers in the index, could boost total OECD GDP by around US$1.2 trillion in the long term.
John Hawksworth, PwC UK Chief Economist comments: “Automation through technologies like AI and robotics will boost productivity and wealth, and so create many new opportunities for young people with the right skills.
“However, our analysis also shows that many young people with lower education levels—and particularly young men in sectors like retail, transport and manufacturing—could face major challenges from automation if they do not upgrade their skills over the course of their careers. A focus on providing young people with the right education and vocational training will be critical to preparing them for the more automated workplace of the future.”
Overall, Switzerland, Iceland and Germany hold the top three spots in the PwC Young Worker’s Index. Countries such as Germany have further improved their already high index scores this year as youth unemployment and NEET rates have fallen further. The US, UK, Czech Republic, Canada and Poland are amongst those countries that have risen in the rankings since last year, as the table shows.
In relation to the longer-term challenge of automation, the study finds that young workers who tend to start out in part-time employment within the retail, accommodation and food service industries face relatively high risks of these entry-level jobs being automated by the early 2030s.
By contrast, young workers with strong science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) skills should be less at risk from automation across most OECD countries. STEM-focused sectors remain a relatively small employer of young workers but demand for these skills is rising fast, leading to a skills gap. More needs to be done to address gaps in STEM skills, particularly for young people from more disadvantaged backgrounds, if new digital technologies are not to add to income and wealth inequalities in the long run.
John Hawksworth, PwC UK Chief Economist comments: “There are lessons to be learned from the top performing countries in our index, such as Switzerland, Germany and Austria with their strong vocational training programmes for young people.
“Countries with strong STEM skills, such as Japan, also perform relatively well in our index and could move further ahead as technological advances put a greater premium on these kinds of skills. Our analysis shows that other countries could make large economic gains from greater investment in these areas.”